Sunday, April 15, 2012

NEWEST FINDING IN CNS

May peace be upon all of you...
Welcome, 2nd year students to the CNS module. As usual, i would like to share the latest finding regarding the human central nervous system..lets check it out!!!

April 2, 2012 
A University of Colorado Boulder-led research team has discovered that two protein receptors in the central nervous system team up to respond to morphine and cause unwanted neuroinflammation, a finding with implications for improving the efficacy of the widely used painkiller while decreasing its abuse potential.
Scientists have known that a particular protein receptor known as toll-like receptor 4, or TLR4, helps to activate inflammation-signaling pathways to attack foreign substances like bacteria and viruses, said CU-Boulder Assistant Professor Hang “Hubert” Yin of the chemistry and biochemistry department.  The new study showed opiod analgesics like morphine also trigger such neuroinflammation by first binding to an accessory protein receptor known as a myeloid differentiation protein receptor 2, or MD-2, which then works in concert with TLR4 to respond to morphine in the central nervous system, said Yin, who led the study.
The new findings should help researchers develop new drugs not only to increase the effectiveness of medical opiates like morphine by preventing neuroinflammation that enhances pain by increasing the excitability of neurons in the pain pathway, but also to influence the TLR4/MD-2 protein complex in a way that may help prevent drug abuse.  Such pharmaceuticals could be designed to decrease side effects like tolerance, dependence and addiction not only in opiates, but in methamphetamines, cocaine and even alcohol, said Yin, also a faculty member at CU’s BioFrontiers Institute.
“While inflammation is part of the body’s natural defense system to protect it after injury or infection, too much inflammation is unhealthy,” said Yin. “We hope our new findings on how this particular protein complex works can help us to understand morphine-induced inflammation and eventually lead to therapeutics to make morphine work more efficiently with fewer side effects.”
A paper on the subject is being published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Co-authors include CU-Boulder researchers Xiaohui Wang, Lisa Loram, Khara Ramos, Armando de Jesus, Kui Cheng and Annireddy Reddy and Linda Watkins, as well as Jacob Thomas, Andrew Somogyi and Mark Hutchison of Australia’s University of Adelaide. The National Institutes of Health funded the study.
MD-2 is a receptor found on human immune cells in the central nervous system known as glial cells and appears to be left over from millions of years of evolution, said Watkins, a distinguished professor in CU-Boulder’s psychology department. When MD-2 bound to morphine in the study, the glial cells -- which normally act as “housekeeper cells” to clean up debris and support proper neuron function -- excited the neurons that transmit pain signals and hindered the ability of morphine to suppress pain.
The heightened excitement of glia cells by opiates and other drugs appears to amplify the rewarding qualities of several commonly abused drugs, according to the research team. Glial cells, which originally were thought by scientists to hold neurons in the brain together somewhat like glue, outnumber neurons by up to 50 to one.
The team members used a multidisciplinary approach that included biochemistry, biophysics and cellular biology to investigate the TLR4/MD-2 protein complex and to pinpoint the relationship between MD-2 and morphine.  As part of the study the team used laboratory “knock-out mice” -- genetically engineered mice in which existing genes or proteins are inactivated -- to infer the function of TLR4 and its relationship with morphine-induced analgesia, said Yin.
“The exciting thing about this research is that we have discovered that there is not just one receptor that detects morphine, there is a second one that nobody knew about before, namely MD-2/TLR4,” said Watkins. “We have shown this protein complex essentially cuts morphine off at the knees, preventing it from doing its job in controlling pain.”
As part of the study, several “small molecule inhibitors” developed and tested by the research team to target and deactivate TLR4/MD-2 demonstrated that the morphine-induced inflammation is exclusively tied to the protein complex, said Yin.
Millions of Americans suffer from chronic, debilitating pain that makes it extremely painful to perform even the simplest activities like showering and dressing, and which differs from pain associated with injuries, which generally heal.  Chronic pain sufferers include victims of cancer and AIDS who have nerve damage.
It is estimated that four out of every 10 people in the United States are likely to be in chronic pain, costing the nation as much as $635 billion annually in lost productivity and health care expenses. The United States is one of the world’s highest users of morphine, which has been around since the 1850s and which ironically was first marketed as a cure for opium and alcohol addiction.
Yin said the CU-Boulder researchers have been working with the University of Colorado Technology Transfer Office, or TTO, and have filed a group of related patents on potential therapeutics for optimizing current pain management therapies. Several of the small molecule inhibitors used in the study to target and inactivate the TLR4/MD-2 protein complex have been exclusively optioned to BioLineRX, a publicly traded drug development company in Israel, through CU’s TTO.
Directed by CU Nobel laureate Tom Cech, the Biofrontiers Institute was created to advance human health and welfare by exploring critical frontiers of unknown biology and translating new knowledge into practical applications. The institute was designed to educate a new generation of interdisciplinary scientists and expand Colorado’s leadership in biotechnology.
“Using interdisciplinary approaches to look for unconventional drug targets is a central theme in my work,” said Yin. “Even in graduate school, I was attracted to the idea of ‘rational design’ -- using computer simulation and synthetic chemistry to design something useful like cancer drugs. Working across disciplines is where the future of science lies.”
For more information visit Yin’s home page at http://www.colorado.edu/chem/yinlab/,

PRACTICAL DAY

May peace be upon all of you....
On 23rd of March 2012, PERMATA has organized a programme called Practical Day which brought an objective to give early clinical exposure to the first and second year's medical students of UniSZA.There were 142 participants which included 30 facilitators from the third year.

Details on the committee members of this programme are mentioned below:


JAWATANKUASA PELAKSANA PROGRAM

PENGARAH
Nurul Wahidah bt Othman

TIMBALAN PENGARAH
Feraroziana bt Birkamsin

SETIAUSAHA
Mohd Sharil Iman b. Mohd Hanafi

BENDAHARI
Nurafifah Syahirah Bt. Rosli

AJK PENGISIAN
Rubini A/P Cumarasamy
Siti Nor Saharah Bt Abdullah


 AJKPERHUBUNGAN LUAR DAN PUBLISITI
Shaiful amir bin Shuib
Muhammad Naqib bin Bajuri

AJK PERSEDIAAN TEMPAT DAN LOGISTIK
Azizah binti Majid
Abu Zar b. Zolkefli
Shahizzat Fahmi b. Badrolhisham

           AJK MAKANAN & CENDERAHATI          
Siti Fatihah Zulaikha bt Shamsul Kamal
                                       Tengku Ahmad Mujiburrahman b. Tengku Hasim



 The programme started at 9.00 am with the first session, involving the 3rd batch which included 7 stations, and the third year's students as the facilitators. The Practical Day resumed at 3.00pm with the 2nd batch and still, the facilitators were the students of the third year with addition of 6 stations which altogether constituted 13 stations in the evening session.Thanx a lot seniors, for sacrificing your entire day with us, the juniors. Our dear seniors... jasamu kami kenang....=)

Photos snapped during the Practical Day :

 Respiratory system station


 History taking Station

        Cardiovascular Station


 Bladder Cathetherization Station

 Abdominal Examination Station

 Blood taking Station

 Abdominal Examination Station

 Vaginal Examination Station

 Breast Examination Station

 Blood Pressure Taking Station

 Thyroid Examination Station


Last but not least, congratulations to all the committee members of this programme and also to PERMATA for organizing this Practical Day. High appreciation to all the seniors and also to the participants for the involvement and the commitment.


'UNITY FOR THE SAKE OF HUMANITY'

Credit to = Amir, for the photos

Wednesday, April 4, 2012

WISH OF LUCK!



DO THE BEST,
BE THE BEST,
INSYAALLAH, WE WILL BE THE HAPPIEST PERSON ON EARTH....

END OF MODULE EXAMINATION,
YEAR 1 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
YEAR 2 - MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
5TH OF APRIL 2012
ALL THE BEST!!!!


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